Moreover, the integration of smart materials and technologies has catalyzed innovation in construction techniques, enabling the creation of responsive and adaptive building systems. Self-healing concrete, for example, has emerged as a groundbreaking solution for enhancing the durability and longevity of concrete structures by autonomously repairing cracks and damages. Additionally, the development of 3D printing technology has opened new frontiers in construction, allowing for the rapid and cost-effective fabrication of complex architectural components.